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定语从句
一.定语从句的基本定义
放在名词或代词后面,由关系代词或关系副词引导的修饰该名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
二. 关系词的分类
1. 关系代词
2. 关系副词
关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,常用的关系代词有:that, which, who, whom, whose
关系副词在定语从句中作状语,常用的关系副词有:when, where, why
三. 关系代词的基本用法和注意点
1. 关系代词的基本用法
关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分
who 人主语、宾语whom 人宾语which 物主语、宾语that 人或物主语、宾语、表语whose 人或物定语
① who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.
A person who steals things is called a thief.
②whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略。
The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
③ which 指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
These are the trees which were planted last year.
This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
④that 指人或物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时,可省略。
A plane is a machine that can fly.
⑤whose指人或物, 在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。
We live in a house whose windows face south.
2. 关系代词的用法注意点
(1) that和which都可以指物,但以下5种情况只能用that 不能用which。
①当先行词中有人又有物时。如:
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
②当先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some, any, everything, nothing, nobody, none 等时。如:
This is all that I want from the school.
④当先行词被最高级修饰时。如:
The TV tower is the highest building that has been built in this city.
⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
当先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。如:
This is the very book that I am looking for these days.
(2) that和who都可以指人,但下面两种情况, 多用who。
①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时。如:
All who heard the news were excited.
②先行词为those, he和people时。如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
(3) whose引导的定语从句注意点
whose引导定语从句,其后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。
whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如:
The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.
他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。
whose的先行词指物时,可用of which代替,但语序不同,
即whose+名词= the+名词+of which,或= of which + the + 名词。如:
The novel whose title (= the title of which或of which the title) is Red and Black is very interesting.
whose引导的定语从句,其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。
whose的先行词指人时,可用of whom代替, 但语序不同,
即whose+名词= the+名词+of whom,或= of whom + the +
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