Chpt 04 Influence factors影响因素.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Factors that influence drug effects and principles for rational medication In general, factors influencing drug effects can be classified into two major groups: 1. Drug associated 2. Patients associated Drug Associated Formulations 制剂 Routes of drug administration 给药途经 Drug combination 合用药物 Formulations 制剂 (pharmaceutical preparations) Conventional dosage forms剂型: Tablet, Capsule, et cetera. Newly developed: slow-release 缓释 , extended-release延迟释放,sustained-release 持续释放, or controlled-release控释 preparations. 缓释剂(slow release formulation) 一级释放 延迟释放剂(extended release formulation) 缓慢释放为主 持续释放剂(sustained release formulation) 不同释放速率组合 控释剂(controlled release formulation) 零级释放 使用这些长效剂型可方便患者和维持长期疗效。 Routes of drug administration 给药途径 intravenous injection or infusion intramuscular injection subcutaneous injection oral ingestion Drug Incompatibility 配伍禁忌 A situation in which toxic substances emerges, or efficacy is reduced or lost because of direct physical or chemical interactions between two or more drugs mixed in vitro. A situation in which two or more of the ingredients of a drug interact chemically, with resulting deterioration of the mixture. The drugs react with each other and precipitate, produce gas or similar effect, or pharmacological in that the effects of the two on tissues are opposite, or pharmaceutical, e.g. immiscibility, insolubility. Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions Drugs may interact at any point during their absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion; the result may be an increase or decrease in the concentration of drug at the site of action. As individuals vary in their rates of disposition of any given drug, the magnitude of an interaction that alters pharmacokinetic parameters is not always predictable, but it can be very significant. Measures should be taken.