医学院 医学微生物_复习题.docVIP

Definitions: Bacterial L Form: Removal of the bacterial wall may be accomplished by hydrolysis with lysozyme or by blocking peptidoglycan biosynthesis with an antibiotic such as penicillin. If such bacterial cells are able to grow and divide, they are called bacterial L forms. Plasmid: Plasmids are small，usually circular，extrachromosomal，double-stranded DNA molecules. They are capable of self-replication and contain genes that confer some properties，such as antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Plasmids are not essential for cellular survival. Normal flora: Normal flora refers to the population of microorganisms that inhabit the skin and mucous membranes of healthy persons. They are usually harmless, some even beneficial, to human’s health. Transduction: Transduction is virus-mediated transfer of genetic information from donor to recipient bacterial cell. There are two types of transduction: generalized transduction and specialized (restricted) transduction. Septicemia: Bacteria circulate and multiply in the blood, in which bacteria produce toxic products and cause high swinging type of fever and other toxic symptoms. Spore: Spore is the resting form of the bacterial cell. They are produced by certain bacteria under certain conditions (such as starving). Each vegetative cell forms only one spore and each spore gives rise to a single vegetative cell. The spore is resistant to adverse conditions. Staphylococcal Protein A: SPA is a cell wall component of many S. aureus strains that binds to the Fc portion of IgG molecules except IgG3. In vitro, SPA has become an important reagent in immunology and diagnostic laboratory technology. In vivo, SPA can effectively diminish opsonization. Disinfection: Disinfection is done to eliminate as many pathogenic microorganisms from an item or from the environment as possible, but not so sure to eliminate nonpathogenic microorganisms and spores. Bacterial biofilm: The membraneous bacterial community composed of bacteria and