新科学和技术以及创新在印度的发展外文翻译.docVIP

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 外文题目：New Science, Technology and Innovation Developments In India 出 处： Supporting Science Technology Polices 作 者： PIKAY RICHARDSON 原文: Abstract This paper reviews the science and technology policies of India and how these have fashioned India’s technology capability over the years. It shows that while India has achieved enormous strides in the area of science, technology and innovation, inappropriate policies in the past have hampered the development of an effective national innovation system. The paper concludes by drawing lessons for the development of an EU-wide science and technology policy 2. Trends in STI Developments in India 2.2 Trends in India’s Science and Technology Policy It has long been recognized that investment in science and technology makes substantial contribution to economic growth in terms of higher growth rates of an economy’s total factor productivity (Abramovitz, 1956, Denison 1962 and Solow, 1957, among others). In addition to direct returns, huge (positive) externalities have also been found to be associated with it (Abramovitz, 1989). Taking cognisance of the importance of technology’s role in development, advanced countries nurture continuing development of science and technology and most developing countries adopt RD policies in the early phases of their development. Science and Technology policy constitutes an integral part of a nation’s overall industrial policy (Barber and White, 1987). While the former shapes the pace and direction of technology development, the latter determines the nature of demand. This section reviews the evolution of Science and Technology policy in India since independence。 Science and Technology policy of any nation is carved within the background of overall industrial policy. If anything, ST policy is supposed not only to give meaning to, but more importantly, to ensure achievement of the goals of indus