分子生物学(中英对照有备注)10.pptVIP

* In some instances, however, the mismatched DNA undergoes mismatch repair before replication. In this case, one of the strands is altered to look exactly like the other. When this ‘repaired’ molecule undergoes replication, both double-stranded daughter molecules will be identical; they will both carry only one version of the original two genes represented at the site. This is called gene conversion, because one of the genes was converted by mismatch repair and replication into a copy of the other gene. 然而，有时错配的DNA在复制之前经历了错配修复。这时，其中的一条链被改变后看起来与另一条链完全相同。当这一‘修复的’分子进行复制的时候，两条双链子代分子将是完全相同的；两者都只携带那一位点原来两个基因中的一个版本。这称为基因转换，因为其中的一个基因通过错配修复已经被转换并复制成了另一个基因的拷贝。 * A kind of fungus named Neurospora crassa is a good material for studying gene conversion. This fungus undergoes two rounds of meiosis and one round of mitosis to produce mature asci. Each individual ascus is very thin. So, 8 spores inside it can only locate at where they were produced. 一种称为粗糙脉孢菌的真菌是研究基因转换现象的好材料。为了产生成熟的子囊，该真菌需要经过两轮的减数分裂和一轮的有丝分裂。每个子囊非常细小，因此，其中的8个孢子只能待在它们被产生出来的位置。 * Experimental results have shown that phenotypes of two alleles appear not only in a ratio of 4:4, but also in ratios of 5:3 and 6:2. This is the result of gene conversion. 实验结果显示，两个等位基因的表型不仅以4:4的比例出现，而且还会以5:3和6:2的比例出现。这就是基因转换带来的结果。 * Now let’s watch a movie explaining how gene conversion occurs in Neurospora crassa. 我们来一段解释粗糙脉孢菌中基因转换现象的影片。 * Homologous recombination is not the only instance in which DNA is rearranged within a genome. In certain cases, a segment of DNA can be inserted or removed from a site with which it has no homology. This is called Non-homologous Recombination. In this section, we will look at three examples of non-homologous recombination. They are Transposons, Retrotransposons, and Bacteriophage λ integration. 同源重组并不是唯一可使基因组DNA发生重排的事例。在一些情况下，一段DNA能够插入到一个与它没有任何同源性的位点，或从这样的位点移出，这称为非同源重组。这一节我们来看一看三种非同源重组的例子，即：转座子、反转录转座子和噬菌体的整合。 * The simplest transposons are found in prokaryotes. These so-called insertion sequence