2014年英文阅读材料.docVIP

附录A 英文阅读材料 本阅读材料引自Behrouz A.Forouzan 所著DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING SECOND EDITION, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.(清华大学影印版2001.4)。在此，特对作者表达谢意！ CHAPTER 24 TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Part 1 The Transmission Control Protocol/Internetworking Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of protocols, or a protocol suite, that defines how all transmissions are exchanged across the Internet. Named after its two most popular protocols, TCP/IP has been in active use for many years and has demonstrated its effectiveness on a worldwide scale. 24.1 OVERVIEW OF TCP/IP In 1969, a project was funded by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), an arm of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPA established a packet-switching network of computers linked by point-to-point leased lines called Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) that provided a basis for early research into networking. The conventions developed by ARPA to specify how individual computers could communicate across that network became TCP/IP. As networking possibilities grew to include other types of links and devices, ARPA adapted TCP/IP to the demands of the new technology. As involvement in TCP/IP grew, the scope of ARPANET expanded until it became the backbone of an internetwork today referred to as the Internet. TCP/IP and the Internet TCP/IP and the concept of internetworking developed together, each shaping the growth of the other. Before moving more deeply into the protocols, however, we need to understand how TCP/IP relates to the physical entity of any Internet it serves. An internet under TCP/IP operates like a single network connecting many computers of any size and type. Internally, an internet (or, more specifically, the Internet) is an interconnection of independent physical networks (such as LANs) linked together by internetworking devices. Figure 24. 1 shows the topology of a possible Internet. In this example, the letters A, B, C, and so on represent hosts. A host in TCP/IP is a computer. The solid ci