part2-市场如何运行 ch04-供给与需求的市场力量.pptVIP

* Demand comes from the behavior of buyers. * This example violates the “many buyers” condition of perfect competition. Yet, we are merely trying to show here that, at each price, the quantity demanded in the market is the sum of the quantity demanded by each buyer in the market. This holds whether there are two buyers or two million buyers. But it would be harder to fit data for two million buyers on this slide, so we settle for two. * Beginning economics students often have trouble understanding the difference between a movement along the curve and a shift in the curve. Here, the animation has been carefully designed to help students see that a shift in the curve results from an increase in quantity at each price. (A more realistic scenario would involve a non-parallel shift, where the horizontal distance of the shift would be greater for lower prices than higher ones. However, to remain consistent with the textbook, and to keep things simple, this slide shows a parallel shift.) * If you are willing to spend a couple extra minutes on substitutes and complements, and have a blackboard or whiteboard to draw on, here’s an idea: Before (or instead of) showing this slide, draw the demand curve for hamburgers. Pick a price, say $5, and draw a horizontal line at that price, extending from the vertical axis through the D curve and continuing to the right. Suppose Q = 1000 when P = $5. Label this on the horizontal axis. Now ask your students: If pizza becomes more expensive, but price of hamburgers does not change, what would happen to the quantity of hamburgers demanded? Would it remain at 1000, would it increase, or would it decrease? Explain. Some and perhaps most students will see right away that people will want more hamburgers when the price of pizza rises. After establishing this, note that the increase in the price of pizza caused an increase in the quantity demanded of hamburgers. Then state the term “substitutes” and give the definitio