语言学概论89731.pptVIP

Important Distinctions in Linguistics 语言学中的重要概念区分 DescriptivevsPrescriptive 描述式与规定式 Consider the following Dont say X . People dont say X. 第一行是规定式的命令。第二行是描述式的陈述。区别在于规定事情应该怎样和描述事情是怎样的。 What are the differences between Descriptive and Prescriptive? A linguistic study is descriptiveif it only describes and analyses the facts of language,and it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct language behavior. To say that linguistics is a descriptive(i.e. non-normative)science is to say that linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other (i.e. extraneous)rules,or norms,of correctness. 我们说语言学是描述式的（即非标准化的）科学意思是说语言学家试图发现和记录一个语言社区的成员实际遵循的规则，而不强加其他的（即外来的）规则或规范，即便外来的是正确的。” Linguistic studies before this century were largely prescriptive because many early grammers were based on high (literary or religious) written records.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive,it believes that whatever occurs in natural speech(hesitation,incomplete utterance,misunderstanding,etc.)should be described in the analysis ,and not be marked as incorrect,abnormal,corrupt,or lousy.These ,with changes in vocabulary and structures,needs to be explained also. 今天的语言学家之所以坚持要对这两种规则加以区分，是因为传统语法在特征上极为标准化，例如绝不应使用双重否定，不应把不定式断开等等。 十八世纪，欧洲主要语言都是通过规定式的方法进行研究。所以语法学家尝试为正确使用语言定下各种规则，一劳永逸地解决语言用法上的争议。一些用法被规定下来，要牢记并严格遵循或者完全避免。语言变成了非黑即白、非对即错的东西。 尽管人们现在意识到语言使用的实践比权威制定的“标准”更加重要。但是还是有人持这种态度。当我们需要判定一个用法在英语中是对是错的时候，可以既不考虑逻辑也不考虑拉丁语法。这并不意味着用法规范的建立和制定毫无用处。“在现代社会，规范一个特定国家和地区的主要方言带来管理上和教育上明显的便利。”语言学作为一门科学的本质决定了它关注的是描述性而非规定性。 语言学中的重要概念区分 Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性 和 历时性 What are Synchronic and Diachronic ? The description of a language at some point of time (as if it stopped developing) is a synchronic study.The description of a language as it changes through time is a di