实验二十七 浮游动物和底栖动物水质监测.pdfVIP

实验二十七 浮游动物和底栖动物的水质监测 附录Ⅰ 常见水生浮游动物检索 1．原生动物 原生动物亚界包括 7 个门，在淡水中营自由生活的种类主要属于肉鞭门和纤毛 门。 原生动物亚界门和纲检索表 1．营养期以伪足或鞭毛为行动工具··································· 肉鞭门 Sarcomastigophora 2 营养期间以纤毛为行动工具 ······················································· 纤毛门 Ciliophora 5 2 ．营养期以鞭毛为行动工具 ···················································· 鞭毛亚门 Mastiophora 3 营养期间以伪足为行动工具 ···················································· 肉足亚门 Sarcodina 4 3 ．有绿的色素体，但也有无色的 ········································植鞭纲 Phytomastigophorea 决不会有绿的色素体 ···························································动鞭纲 Zoomastigophorea 4 ．伪足叶状、指状或丝状，无轴丝 ················································根足总纲 Rhizopoda 伪足呈辐射状，有轴丝 ······························································辐足总纲 Actinopoda 5 ．胞口位于顶端、亚顶端或中腹部，无口旁纤毛 ················动基片纲Kinetofragminophorea 胞口常位于腹面或靠近前端，口部纤毛系统有口旁纤毛膜 ··································· 6 6 ．口部纤毛系统由右边的口侧膜和左边少量的复合小器（小膜、咽膜、多毛基索） 组成 ··················································································寡膜纲 Oligohymenophorea 口部纤毛系统由许多在口腔或围口小区中的小膜组成的口围带（AZM ）············· ··························································································· 多膜纲 Polyhymenophorea 2 ．轮虫 轮虫动物属轮虫动物门（Rotifera ），约 2000 多种。体长一般在 10 ～500 μ， 最小仅 4 μ，最大 4 mm 。轮虫（图 27-2 ）体型多样，以长圆形居多。身体多分为 头、躯干和尾三部分。头部较宽，其上长有由 1 ～2 圈纤毛组成的头冠，能帮助虫 体在水中游泳和集食。轮虫虫体透明度高，在消化系统的咽内能清楚地看到一套 左右不断开闭的、由角质膜硬化形成的 7 块咀嚼板组成的复杂结构，称之为咀嚼 器，其主要作用是将摄入食物颗粒捣碎。这种咀嚼器为本门动物所特有，其结构 在种内稳定，种间差异十分显著。躯干部末端背侧是肛门（泄殖孔），肛门之后就 是尾部（又称作足），其功能是起舵的作用。尾的末端常长有 1 ～4 个活动趾，用 以更好地爬行或抓持。 1 图 27-2 轮虫身体构造模式图 （a ）雌体；（b ）雄体 1.棒状突起；2.纤毛环；3.背触毛；4.眼点；5.原肾管；6.咀嚼器；7.砧板；8.卵巢；9.背甲； 10.膀胱； 11.泄殖腔； 12.尾部； 13.趾； 14.吸着腺；15.排泄孔； 16.肠； 17.侧触手； 18.卵黄腺；19.胃；20.消化腺；21.肌肉；22.脑；23.精巢；24.阴茎