TheStudyofAdministration行政学研究WoodrowWilson伍德罗#8226;威尔逊（November1,1886）.ppt

The Study of Administration行 政 学 研 究 Woodrow Wilson伍德罗?威尔逊November 1, 1886 载《政治科学季刊》第二期（1887年6月） I suppose that no practical science is ever studied where there is no need to know it. The very fact, therefore, that the eminently practical science of administration is finding its way into college courses in this country would prove that this country needs to know more about administration, were such proof of the fact required to make out a case. It need not be said, however, that we do not look into college programmes for proof of this fact. It is a thing almost taken for granted among us, that the present movement called civil service reform must, after the accomplishment of its first purpose, expand into efforts to improve, not the personnel only, but also the organization and methods of our government offices: because it is plain that their organizations and methods need improvement only less than their personnel. It is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy. On both these points there is obviously much need of light among us; and only careful study can supply that light. 我认为任何一门实用科学，在没有必要了解它时，不会有人去研究它。因此，如果我们需要以某种事实来论证这种情况的话；著名的行政学实用科学正在进入我国高等学校课程的事实本身；则证明我们国家需要更多地了解行政学。然而，在此无需说明，我们并非要调查高校教学计划来证明这一事实。目前人们称为文官制度改革的运动在实现了它的第一个目标之后，不仅在人事方面，而且在政府机构的组织和方法方面都必须为继续扩大改革努力，这是我们大家几乎都承认的事实，因为政府机构的组织和方法同其人事问题一样需要进行改进，这一点已经十分明显。行政学研究的目标在于了解：首先，政府能够适当地和成功地进行什么工作。其次，政府怎样才能以尽可能高的效率及在费用或能源方面用尽可能少的成本完成这些适当的工作。在这两个问题上，我们显然更需要得到启示，只有认真进行研究才能提供这种启示。 Before entering on that study, however, it is needful: 但是，我们在进入这种研究之前，需要做到下列几点： I. To take some account of what others have done in the same line; that is to say, of the history of the study. l．考虑其他人在此领域中所做过的研究。即是说，考虑这种研究的历史。 II. To ascertain just what is its subject-matter. 2．确定这种研究的课题是什么。 III. To determine just what