英汉翻译教程(1-2章)71131.pptVIP

英汉翻译教程 孙致礼 第一章 翻译概论 一、翻译的定义： translate: to turn from one language into another. to turn into one’s own or another language 翻译：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber) (所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上) 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和（或）文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象，完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。（张今） 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。 汉英翻译是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、意义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。 翻译的类型 就所涉及的语言而言，分为语内翻译(intralingual translation) 和语际翻译(interlingual translation)。 就工作方式而言，分为口译( interpretation)和笔译(translation)。 口译包括交替传译（简称“交传”，consecutive interpretation）和同声传译（简称“同传”，simultaneous interpretation 或conference interpretation）两种。 就文本类型而言，分为文学文本翻译、科技文本翻译、新闻文本翻译、应用文本翻译。 就方式而言，分为全译、摘译、编译等。 What is a text?(1) Look at the following example: Is it a text? Why or why not? E.g. Tom’s wife is female. Grammatically speaking, a text consists of sentences; a sentence consists of clauses; a clause, phrases; a phrase, words. But Halliday and Hasan thought “the word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole…. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a cry for help to an all-day discussion…. A text is a unit of language in use. It is not a grammatical unit…. It is not defined by its size…. A text is best regarded as a semantic unit, a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realization.” So we can say a text is a communicative unit. It does not only consist of sentences, it is also realized by sentences which must be meaningful. The example is grammatically correct, but it means nothing. （The sentence is not infor