第2章 细胞基本知识概要.docVIP

第二章? ?细胞基本知识概要本章内容提要:第一节??细胞的基本概念第二节??非细胞形态的生命体? ?? ?? ? -------病毒及其与细胞的关系第三节 原核细胞与古核细胞第四节 真核细胞基本知识概要第一节??细胞的基本概念What is a cell?Cells are structural units that make up plants and animals, also there many single cell organisms. What cells all have in common is they are small sacks composed mostly of water. The sacks are made from a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane is semi-permeable (allowing some things to pass in or out of the cell and blocking others), there are also other methods of transport that we will get into later. So what is in a cell? The cell as we mentioned is a fluid like membrane that surrounds the contents of the cell. Each component will be discussed in more detail later. 一、细胞是生命活动的基本单位1、一切有机体都由细胞构成，细胞是构成有机体的基本单位；2、细胞具有独立的、有序的自控代谢体系，细胞是代谢与功能的基本单位3、细胞是有机体生长与发育的基础4、细胞是遗传的基本单位，细胞具有遗传的全能性5、没有细胞就没有完整的生命二、细胞的基本共性1.所有的细胞表面均有由磷脂双分子层与镶嵌蛋白质构成的生物膜，即细胞膜。2.所有的细胞都含有两种核酸:即DNA与RNA作为遗传信息复制与转录的载体。3.作为蛋白质合成的机器─核糖体，毫无例外地存在于一切细胞内。4.所有细胞的增殖都以一分为二的方式进行分裂。?第二节 非细胞形态的生命体 ? ?? ?? ???—病毒及其与细胞的关系一、Basic characteristics of viruses Simply stated, viruses are merely genetic information surrounded by a protein coat. They may contain external structures and a membrane. Viruses are obligate（专性的） intracellular parasites--meaning that they require host cells to reproduce. In the viral life cycle, a virus infects a cell, allowing the viral genetic information to direct the synthesis of new virus particles by the cell. ??There are many kinds of viruses. Those infecting humans include polio（脊髓灰质炎）, influenza, herpes（疱疹）, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing AIDS.??二、viral reproduction(i.e. the course of viral infection, e.g. HIV infection) 1、Attachment(getting in)??On the surface membrane of all living cells are complex protein structures called receptors. A receptor is often compared to??a lock into which a specific key or ligand will fit. There are at least two receptors on T-lymphocytes to which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sticks.