43Continuationofspecies–QuestionsandanswersQ1：物种–问答Q1延续43.docVIP

4.3 Continuation of species – Questions and answers Q1. Bk Ch4 S4.3 Q1 a Define meiosis. b Meiosis is often called ‘reduction division’. Describe how the chromosome number is reduced in this process. Use diagrams to illustrate your answer. A2. Bk Ch4 S4.3 A2 a Meiosis is a special kind of division that results in daughter cells containing only half the normal or diploid number of chromosomes. b Meiosis includes two stages of division. In the first stage homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and in the second stage sister chromatids separate. In this way the chromosome number is reduced to half the diploid number. Q2. Bk Ch4 S4.3 Q2 Draw up a table summarising the differences between the processes and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis. A2. Bk Ch4 S4.3 A2 Mitosis Meiosis Produces two genetically identical daughter cells Produces four genetically different daughter cells Daughter cells are diploid Daughter cells are haploid Involves one division of the chromosomes Involves two separate stages of division Occurs in all normal body cells in processes such as growth and repair Occurs only in the cells responsible for gamete formation during sexual reproduction Q3. Bk Ch4 S4.3 Q3 a Fertilisation and the subsequent development of an individual requires a watery environment. Explain how terrestrial organisms have overcome the problem of fertilisation in a dry environment. b Explain the significance of this in relation to the colonisation of terrestrial environments. A3. Bk Ch4 S4.3 A3 a Terrestrial organisms have overcome the problem of fertilisation in a dry environment by using internal fertilisation, that is, fertilisation occurs within the female body. Male gametes are transferred directly into the reproductive tract of the female so the gametes remain in a moist environment. b Without internal fertilisation organisms could not colonise and live permanently in terrestrial environments. Internal fertilisation means that terrestrial organisms are able