RAM Locality is King RAM才是王道.pdfVIP

Tape is Dead Disk is Tape Flash is Disk RAM Locality is King Jim Gray Microsoft December 2006 Tape Is Dead Disk is Tape • 1TB disks are available • 10+ TB disks are predicted in 5 years • Unit disk cost: ~$400 →~$80 • But: ~ 5..15 hours to read (sequential) • ~15..150 days to read (random) • Need to treat most of disk as Cold-storage archive FLASH Storage? • 1995 16 Mb NAND flash chips 2005 16 Gb NAND flash Doubled each year since 1995 • Market driven by Phones, Cameras, iPod,… Low entry-cost, ~$30/chip →~$3/chip • 2012 1 Tb NAND flash Samsung prediction == 128 GB chip == 1TB or 2TB “disk” for ~$400 or 128GB disk for $40 or 32GB disk for $5 FLASH Some Parameters 5,000 IO/s per chip! • Chip read ~ 20 MB/s write ~ 10 MB/s N chips have N x bandwidth • Latency ~ 25 μs to start read, ~ 100 μs to read a “2K page” ~ 2,000 μs to erase ~ 200 μs to write a “2K page” • Power ~ 1W for 8 chips and controller What’s Wrong With FLASH? • Expensive: $/GB – 50x more than disk today – Ratio may drop to 10x in 2012 • Limited lifetime – ~100k to 1M writes / page – requires “wear leveling” but, if you have 1B pages, then 15,000 years to “use” ½ the pages. • Slow to write you can only write 0’s, so erase (set all 1) then write. Obvious Uses For Flash • PDAs, cameras, iPod, …. • Laptop disks – power, rugged, quiet, big enough, … • Not so obvious use: – ARCHIVE for photo/music/..