16 Oscillations （振动）.pptVIP

* 16 Oscillations （振动） Key words: Simple harmonic motion (SHM)（简谐振动） Physical Pendulum （复摆、物理摆） Phase（相位、位相、周相） Angular frequency（角频率） Linear simple harmonic oscillator（线性谐振子） Forced oscillations（受迫振动） Resonance（共振） 1 Simple Harmonic Motion（简谐振动）and the quantity that describing SHM 2 The force law for simple harmonic motion（简谐振动的动力学方程） 3 Energy in simple harmonic motion 4 Simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion（旋转矢量法、相量图 phasor） 5 Damped simple harmonic motion（阻尼振动）, forced oscillation and resonance 6 Superposition for SHM (简谐振动的合成) 16-1 oscillations（振动）: Motions that repeat themselves. Such as: drums, bells, speaker systems, quartz crystals in wristwatches, the surging pistons in the engines of cars. 16-2 Simple Harmonic Motion（简谐振动） Any motion that repeats itself at regular（固定的） intervals is called periodic motion or harmonic motion. If the displacement x of the particle from the origin is given as a function of time by: This motion is called simple harmonic motion (SHM). In which xm, ? and ? are constants. (1) The definition of simple Harmonic Motion xm is called the amplitude（振幅） of the motion, it is a positive constant because the amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum displacement of the particle in either direction. (?t+?) is called the phase（相位） of the motion. ? Is called the phase constant (初相位 or phase angle). That is the phase at t=0 . Phase is important quantity for describing SHM.（相位是描述简谐振动的重要的物理量） (2) The quantity that describing SHM ? Is called angular frequency（角频率） of the motion. Because: Phase is important quantity for describing SHM.（相位是描述简谐振动的重要的物理量） The relation of period T, frequency f and ?: So: Unit of angular frequency: rad/s So ? must be in radians. f is frequency, the unit of frequency: Hz So: The graph of x as a function of time for the motion is shown as: ? = ? /2 o xm -xm t x T ? =0 t o xm -xm x T Comparing two SHMs: If ?1=?2 ,the difference of phases（相位差） is: x2 T x o xm1 -xm1 xm2 - xm2 x1 t (反相) t x o xm1 -xm1 xm2 -