我国中小学教科书之供给机制探讨_教育理论论文.docVIP

我国中小学教科书之供给机制探讨_教育理论论文 我国中小学教科书之供给机制探讨_教育理论论文 　　摘要：本文讨论了教科书作为商品的几个特性：一，消费主体与消费决策者相分离；二，教科书为义务消费商品；三，教科书供给受政府严格的经济管制；四，教科书由行政管理体制下的国有企业提供。教科书呈现了一种商品消费的极端例子：其消费者决策权力被剥夺的程度，和他们维护自己消费权益能力的脆弱，以及他们在消费过程中对政府代理人的依赖程度，乃是其他商品消费中罕见的。研究表明， 教科书出版发行的高额利润，对家长、学生造成了负担，对在不利人群中普及义务教育有负面影响。教科书高利润的最重要和直接原因是国家对教科书的定价方法和原则。文章最后提出，需要进行教科书选用机制和决策改革，使家长、学生直接参与决策，有实质性的权力维护自己的权益。 　　关键词：教科书　价格机制　消费者　不利人群　入学率　　Abstract: Textbook as supplied in primary and middle schools in China has several characteristics as goods. First of all, consumers, i.e., students and their parents, are not decision-makers of the consumption. Second, the consumption is compulsory. Third, textbook supply is rigidly regularized by the government. Fourth, textbook is provided by state-owned enterprises under rules of bureaucratic institutions. For the above reasons, textbook provides a rare case of consumption in which consumers sovereignty and their power to defend ones own interests have been reduced to the extreme, heavy reliance upon government agents is thus resulted. According to this study, unusually high profits exist for enterprises and sectors involved in textbook supply, and the fundamental reason lies in the pricing mechanism as decided by the state government. Expensive textbooks impose serious burdens upon families and have negative impact upon the achievement of universal compulsory education among disadvantaged groups. It is suggested that parents and students should be involved directly in the decision-making process of textbook selection, so as to have the power of substance to defend their own interests. 　　Key words: textbooks, pricing mechanism, consumer, disadvantaged groups, school enrollment 第一章　　理论分析框架 1．教科书作为商品之特性 　　教科书在本文中专指教育行政主管部门规定学生使用的正式课本。 　　本研究之所以有意义，在于从经济学的观点看，作为一种商品，教科书乃是特殊的，其特殊性表现在两点。首先，它是一种消费主体和消费决策者相分离的商品。在我国，除了少数学生受到国家资助外，教科书从原则和政策的角度来说并非免费，而是由学生和家长自己购买的。学生和家长是消费的主体。他们购买教科书，使用教科书，而教科书为其所有。但是，购买何种教科书、花多少钱买教科书却并不是学生和家长来决定的；并且在现实当中， 他们不仅没有最后决定权，而且在这种决策过程中尚没有机制给予他们参与的机会。 　　第二种特殊性体现在教科书是一种义