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学习类GRE ISSUE写作论证论据素材 　　以下是资料下载小编为大家整理的GRE ISSUE写作论证论据素材，希望对大家备考有帮助，赶快下载全篇吧。 　　1 亚里士多德观点： 知识的定义 　　“We suppose ourselves to possess unqualified scientific knowledge of a thing, as opposed to knowing it in the accidental way in which the sophist knows, when we think that we know the cause on which the fact depends, as the cause of that fact and of no other, and, further, that the fact could not be other than it is. Now that scientific knowing is something of this sort is evident—witnesses both those who falsely claim it and those who actually possess it, since the former merely imagine themselves to be, while the latter are also actually, in the condition described. Consequently the proper object of unqualified scientific knowledge is something which cannot be other than it is.” 　　—Aristotle, Posterior Analytics (Book 1 Part 2) 　　2 关于知识定义的争议 　　The definition of knowledge is a matter of on-going debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. The classical definition, described but not ultimately endorsed by Plato, has it that in order for there to be knowledge at least three criteria must be fulfilled; that in order to count as knowledge, a statement must be justified, true, and believed. Some claim that these conditions are not sufficient, as Gettier case examples allegedly demonstrate. There are a number of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick’s arguments for a requirement that knowledge “tracks the truth” and Simon Blackburn’s additional requirement that we do not want to say that those who meet any of these conditions “through a defect, flaw, or failure” have knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the believer’s evidence is such that it logically necessitates the truth of the belief. 　　In contrast to this approach, Wittgenstein observed, following Moore’s paradox, that one can say “He believes it, but it isn’t so”, but not “He knows it, but it isn’t so”. He goes on to argue that these do not correspond t