USINGPLANTSFORNITROGEN-UniversityofKentucky：利用植物对氮-肯塔基大学.pptVIP

Using Plants for Nitrogen Wilbur Frye Professor Emeritus U.K. Executive Director K.D.A. INTRODUCTION Throughout history of agriculture, N harvested was replaced by legumes, if at all N in animal wastes traced to legumes Value of green manures found in writings of Xenophon (434 to 355 B.C.) Colonial America knew value of green manure, but little practiced on farms ─Used long-term pasture rotations ─Applied animal manure for grain crops ─Moved to virgin soil INTRODUCTION, cont’d World War I was dawn of synthetic N ─Haber/Bosch process for synthetic ammonia N2 + H2 →→ NH3 air nat. gas ammonia ? World War II NH3 used to make explosives ? Ushered in era of cheap synthetic N fertilizers NH3 → amm. nitrate, amm. sulfate, MAP, DAP, urea, UAN Farmers quit using: Green manure crops Animal manures Crop rotations with legumes Natural N salts—e.g., sodium nitrate ERA OF EXPENSIVE FERTILIZERS Are we there yet? How much farther? What can we do to ease the pain? USING PLANTS FOR NITROGEN Three questions to answer: ● Is it practical? ● What are the benefits? ● Is it economical? Winter Legume Cover Crops Well adapted to Kentucky southern Indiana ? Hairy vetch best ? Cropping systems ? Continuous no-till corn ? Corn—wheat—soybean rotation (2-year) ? Corn—wheat rotation (2-year) (farther north) Is It Practical? Tillage—No-till, conventional tillage, reduced tillage Planting—Overseed late Aug.–early Sept. before harvest —Drill after harvest ? Hope for snow during extreme cold ? Plant corn by mid-May directly into live cover ? Spray—Burn-down + weed control ? Cutter-roller—Burn-down + weed control ? Possibilities of Roundup-Ready corn Above-ground Dry Matter Yield in Southeast (tons/acre) Above-ground N Accumulation in Cover Crops Corn Yield--Lexington Liabilities of Legume Cover Crops Cost of seed and seeding Loss of economic production (left for mulch instead of harvested) Depleted soil water in dry spring weather ? May decrea