申友GMAT阅读解析每周一篇-by Alice.docVIP

Passage 4 Biologists have advanced two theories to explain why schooling of fish occurs in so many fish species. (主题句，表明写作结构为结论解释型) Because schooling is particularly widespread among species of small fish, both theories assume that schooling offers the advantage（正评价词） of some protection from predators.（重视两种理论的共性）// 生物学家提出两种理论来解释说明鱼群群居的行为有益于保护其不受捕食者捕食。 Proponents of theory A （点明是支持理论A） dispute （需重视文中用于陈述观点的词，表示说话人的态度）the assumption that a school of thousands of fish is highly visible. // (第一层：总述理论A的支持方认为鱼群是不易被发现的。) Experiments have shown that any fish can be seen, even in very clear water, only within a sphere of 200 meters in diameter. When fish are in a compact group, the spheres of visibility overlap. // （第二层：具体说明鱼群不易被发现的论据）Thus（重视结构词，表因果逻辑） the chance of a predator finding the school is only slightly greater than（出现比较意味，注意比较的双方） the chance of the predator finding a single fish swimming alone. Schooling is advantageous（正评价态度词） to the individual fish because a predators chance of finding any particular fish swimming in the school is much smaller than its chance of finding at least one of the same group of fish if the fish were dispersed throughout an area. // （第三层：鱼群不易被发现对保护其不被捕食的作用） However, （转折，表段落衔接）critics of theory A （点明为理论A的反对方）point out that some fish form schools even in areas where predators are abundant and thus little possibility（负评价词）of escaping detection exists. //（第一层：反驳理论A）They argue that the school continues to be of value（正评价词） to its members even after detection（理论B和理论A区别的时间点）. They advocate theory B, the “confusion effect,” which can be explained in two different ways. //（第二层：提出支持理论B，鱼群在被捕食者发现之后，群居还是能起到保护它们的作用） Sometimes, proponents argue, predators simply cannot decide which fish to attack. This indecision supposedly results from a predators preference for striking prey that is distinct for the rest of the school in appearance. In many schools the fish are almost identical in appearance, making it difficult for a predato