沉原 本科经济社会学.pptVIP

小穆勒论科学与价值、学术与实践 A scientific observer or reasoner, merely as such, is not an adviser for practice. His part is only to show that certain consequences follow from certain causes and that, to obtain certain ends, certain means are most effectual. Whether the ends themselves are such as ought to be pursued, and if so, in what cases and to how great a length, is no part of his business as a cultivator of science to decide; and science alone will never qualify him for the decision. John Stuart Mill： A System of Logic, p．356 经济学的“新古典革命” ⒈ 时间:　1870年代以后 2. 代表人物: “边际革命”: 杰文斯(W.S. Jevons) 门格尔(K. Menger) 瓦尔拉 (M.L.Walras) “新古典革命”：马歇尔(A. Marshall) 帕累托(W. Pareto) 3. 新古典革命的主要内容： “边际”＋“效用”＝分析工具 数学分析的引入和使用 奠立了整个现代经济学的根基 A Comparison of the Classical  and Neoclassical Paradigms Classical Paradigm Neoclassical Paradigm The Object of Economics Accumulation and distribution Efficiency The Aim for Engaging in Economic Research To assist policy makers The discovery of universal laws Institutional Framework and Unit of Analysis Specification of the institutional framework, especially in terms of the division of society between social classes, behavior expresses class belonging No classes, but a “general public” making decision through votes (individually) in the market; the idea of choice is central Core of the Theoretical Structures Capital, defined in a comprehensive way, is at the center of the theoretical structure Price form the central concepts Conception of Value A production theory of value, in which value is viewed as the expression of the social division of labor Value flows from the subjective mental evaluation of the individual agents Conception of Profit Profits result from the unequal distribution of wealth between classes; it is the source of growth Profit is the reward for abstinence 新古典经济学： 向社会学传统领域的侵入 加里·贝克尔（Gary Becker） 1930年出生于