医学课件药物成瘾.pptVIP

催产素对吗啡依赖大鼠戒断时行为总体评分的影响 锂盐复合物对吗啡依赖大鼠视上核和室旁核催产素含量的影响 锂盐对正常大鼠吗啡镇痛的影响 锂盐对吗啡依赖大鼠吗啡镇痛的影响 催产素受体拮抗剂对锂盐抑制吗啡依赖的影响 Slide 11: The reward pathway Tell your audience that this is a view of the brain cut down the middle. An important part of the reward pathway is shown and the major structures are highlighted: the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. The VTA is connected to both the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex via this pathway and it sends information to these structures via its neurons. The neurons of the VTA contain the neurotransmitter dopamine which is released in the nucleus accumbens and in the prefrontal cortex (point to each of these structures). Reiterate that this pathway is activated by a rewarding stimulus. [Note: the pathway shown here is not the only pathway activated by rewards, other structures are involved too, but only this part of the pathway is shown for simplicity.] Slide 12: Activation of the reward pathway by an electrical stimulus The discovery of the reward pathway was achieved with the help of animals such as rats. Rats were trained to press a lever for a tiny electrical jolt to certain parts of the brain. Show that when an electrode is placed in the nucleus accumbens, the rat keeps pressing the lever to receive the small electrical stimulus because it feels pleasurable. This rewarding feeling is also called positive reinforcement. Point to an area of the brain close to the nucleus accumbens. Tell the audience that when the electrode is placed there, the rat will not press the lever for the electrical stimulus because stimulating neurons in a nearby area that does not connect with the nucleus accumbens does not activate the reward pathway. The importance of the neurotransmitter dopamine has been determined in these experiments because scientists can measure an increased release of dopamine in the reward pathway after the rat receives the reward. And, if the dopamine r