Chapter 8Tests of Hypotheses Based on a Single Sample.ppt

Sample Size The sample size n for which a level test also has two-tailed test one-tailed test * Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Chapter 8 Tests of Hypotheses Based on a Single Sample 8.1 Hypotheses and Test Procedures Hypotheses The null hypothesis, denoted H0, is the claim that is initially assumed to be true. The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the assertion that is contrary to H0. Possible conclusions from hypothesis-testing analysis are reject H0 or fail to reject H0. Hypotheses H0 may usually be considered the skeptic’s hypothesis: Nothing new or interesting happening here! (And anything “interesting” observed is due to chance alone.) Ha may usually be considered the researcher’s hypothesis. Rules for Hypotheses H0 is always stated as an equality claim involving parameters. Ha is an inequality claim that contradicts H0. It may be one-sided (using either or ) or two-sided (using ≠). A Test of Hypotheses A test of hypotheses is a method for using sample data to decide whether the null hypothesis should be rejected. Test Procedure A test procedure is specified by A test statistic, a function of the sample data on which the decision is to be based. (Sometimes, not always!) A rejection region, the set of all test statistic values for which H0 will be rejected Errors in Hypothesis Testing A type I error consists of rejecting the null hypothesis H0 when it was true. A type II error consists of not rejecting H0 when H0 is false. are the probabilities of type I and type II error, respectively. Level Test A test corresponding to the significance level is called a level test. A test with significance level is one for which the type I error probability is controlled at the specified level. Sometimes, the experimenter will fix the value of , also known as the significance level. Rejection Region: Suppose an experiment and a sample