商周青铜器凤鸟纹饰探究.doc

商周青銅器紋飾探究演變社會、文化宗教A Study of Phoenix Patterns on Bronze Utensils Of Shang and Chou Dynasties Lu, Tsai-Chieh Fu, Rong-Ko Graduate Student of Department of Formerly Chair of Department of Chinese Chinese Literature, National Chiayi Literature, National Chiayi University; University Currently Professor of General Education Center, Southern Taiwan University of Technology Abstract The phoenix is a kind of gigantic, magnificent and mythic bird in oriental cultures. Despite its fictional nature, the phoenix has been adored, and even worshiped, by the Chinese people since the ancient time. The bird’s majestic beauty, as embodied by the colorful and rich patterns on its wings, has captivated the creative imaginations of artists of many generations, and a multitude of phoenix patterns have appeared on daily utensils and art works throughout the Chinese history. This paper is intended, on the one hand, to delineate the bird’s mythic origin, the etymological development of the written forms of the bird, and the changes in the phoenix curves in different periods of times, and, on the other, to relate the above with the social, cultural and religious realities of the Shang and Chou dynasties. Key Terms：phoenix curves, phoenix patterns, bird curves, animal curve patterns 商周青銅器紋飾探究中國古代青銅器的代表作品以其高度的歷史藝術價值和精湛的鑄作技術著稱於世商周藝術文化之代表，亦是貴族社會文化產物，它不僅作為日常生活用具，更是宗教祭祀重要之禮器。青銅器研究，偏重銘文義及考古斷代，而忽略紋飾之研究。然而銘文、形制與紋飾三者本為一體。並非所有青銅器皆有銘文可作斷代用，多數銅器只有紋飾或形制，因此研究青銅器，應朝綜合研究，才是最佳方向。由於，無法對青銅器作全面研究，只對青銅器之「紋飾」作初步探究，俾能有所得，為他日研究之礎石。最早當屬學者容庚，他在《商周彝器通考》一書中，用篇幅列舉紋飾七十七種。首次對銅器紋飾作詳細之分類，具體列舉各類紋飾，並介紹各類紋飾名稱之來源、演變，及其所屬代。透過容庚先生專書介紹，使後世青銅器研究者，開始正視青銅器紋飾之存在與價值。近來研究青銅器紋飾著作甚多，各類動物：如鳥、龍紋及獸面紋之研究不乏其，在這幾類紋飾中，雖然紋紋飾有較多，但多數只針對紋之分類、起源著墨而已，對於時代演變、則鮮少探討，因此本文紋飾為研究方向，希能更深入紋飾之內涵。要紋飾出現青銅器之原因，首應瞭解紋飾之起源，紋紋飾並非商代青銅器中突然產生，，紋分類中，採馬承源先生之分類法為基礎，因馬先生分類方式最為實用，具理論之價值，因此本文所論之紋分類，大抵以馬承源先生之分類為基礎，詳盡言明各類紋盛行時代與其藝術價值。商周時期有關玄鳥和簡狄吞燕卵而生契的神話反映了對鳳的崇拜。 （圖一）鳥紋彩陶盆 仰韶文化廟底溝型 （圖二）太陽鳥 仰韶文化廟底溝型 （