英语词汇学基础.ppt

English lexicology Basic concepts Lexicology: the study of meanings and origins of words.(WNWD) Etymology:The origin and historical development of a linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements, earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where possible. 词源：一种语言形式的起源及其历史发展可通过确定该词或词素的基本组成部分，已知最早的用法及其形式和含义的转变，追溯它从一种语言转变为另一种语言的过程，鉴定它在其它语言中的同源词和重现它的祖传形式来展现和说明 Vocabulary:1) the total number of the words in a language 2)all the words used in a particular historical period e.g.Old English Vocabulary3) all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Word ( to be exact a single word) In terms of spoken language(a sound unity) In semantics(a unit of meaning) Grammatically(a form that can function alone in a sentence) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. Visually (to refer to the next page) Orthography In languages with a literary tradition, there is interrelation between orthography and the question of what is considered a single word. Word separators (typically space marks) are common in modern orthography of languages using alphabetic scripts, but these are (excepting isolated precedents) a modern development (see also history of writing). In English orthography, words may contain spaces if they are compounds or proper nouns such as ice cream or air raid shelter. Vietnamese orthography, although using the Latin alphabet, delimits monosyllabic morphemes, not words. Conversely, synthetic languages often combine many lexical morphemes into single words, making it difficult to boil them down to the traditional sense of words found more easily in analytic languages; this is especially difficult for polysynthetic languages such as Inuktitut and Ubykh,尤比克语(高加索语系中一种) where entire sentences