英语词汇学248980.pptVIP

2 English Vocabulary: --- A Historical Perspective 2.1 Classification of languages: 1.???? Typological Classification (类型分类法) Synthetic language (综合语)shows the relation of words by inflection Analytic language (分析语) indicates the relation of words in a sentence by word order 2.???? Genetic Classification (谱系分类法) Sino-Tibetan(藏汉语系), Indo-European.(印欧语系), Semito-Hamitic （闪含语系), Bantu（班图语系), Uralic（乌拉尔语语系), Altaic （阿尔泰语系）, Malayo-Polynesian （马来-波利尼西亚语系）, Indian （印第安语系） Caucasian Family （高加索语系）, Austro-Asiatic Family(南亚语系) etc. 语系（Family），语族（Sub-family），语支（Branch），分支（Sub-branch）但大多时候人们用Branch代表语族，这是简略说法。 The World Languages It is estimated that there are about 5000 languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about 300 language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Austronesian Family, Altaic Family, and so on. Chinese is a member in the Sino-Tibetan Family, while English is a member in the Indo-European Family. The Indo-European Family The Indo-European Family hosts most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Linguists have divided the Indo-European languages into several groups, or branches. Family vs. Branch The only difference between a branch and a family is that a branch’s proto-language has an identified ancestor: the ancestor of Proto-Sinitic was Proto-Sino-Tibetan, but we don’t know what the ancestor of Proto-Sino-Tibetan is. Indo-European family: Indo-Iranian group(印伊语族): Persian(波斯语), Sanskrit(梵文), Hindi(印地语). Urdu(乌尔都语), Bengali(孟加拉语的) Armenian（亚美尼亚语族): Armenian Slavic（斯拉夫语族）: Russian, polish Hellenic（希腊语族）: Modern Greek Italic（意大利语族）: Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian Celtic（凯尔特语族）: Gaelic (盖尔语), Welsh, Briton (不列颠) Albanian（阿尔巴尼语族）: Modern Albanian Germanic（日耳曼语族）: English, German, Dutch, Yiddish（意第绪语）, the Scandinavian languages（斯堪的纳维亚语） Indo-European Branches Sir William Jones Groups of related languages have a common ancestor. We refer to their common ancestor languages by us