英语词汇学448095.pptVIP

4 Major Process of Word Formation 4.1 Morphemes, Root and Affix Morphemes （词素）: the smallest meaningful linguistic units of words. They are not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words” Greek Morphe (=form) + -eme, (cf. phoneme, sememe) Morph: minimal carriers of meaning (形素) nation nation + al nation + al +ize de + nation + al de + nation + al + iz + ation c. f. Phonemes: yes /j/, /e/, /s/ A word may be analyzable into one or more morphemes A morpheme is also an association of a given meaning with a given sound pattern. A morpheme vs. A word A morpheme is not autonomous. Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. They can not be used independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme. Nor are morphemes divisible into smaller meaningful units. That is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit. A morpheme vs. A syllable A syllable has nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la.dy. e.g. crocodile, salamander, disagreeable Often the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond. Allomorphs（形素变体）: morphemes that are realized by more than one morphs allo (Greek) other”, (cf. allophones, allomorphs). e.g. -ion/ -tion/ -sion/ -ation (proportional) variants of the same suffix) verbs ending with /t/, -- -ion, invention, position, verbs ending with consonants other than /t/, -- -tion, description verbs ending in -ify and –ize-- -ation, justification modernization verbs ending in -d, -de, or –mit-- -sion, expansion, decision, omission. A allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. e.g. im- before p,b, or m, imperfec