5.Phonological Processes.ppt

Phonological Processes音系过程 Three Aspects to Phonological Process: 1. A set of sounds to undergo the process 2. A set of sounds produced by the process (target or affected segment) 3. A set of situations in which the process applies (environments or contexts) /v/ [f] Voiced fricative voiceless /___voiceless the rule reads: a voiced fricative is transformed into the corresponding voiceless sound when it appears before a voiceless sound （The slash / specifies the environment in which the change takes place. The bar__ indicates the position of the target segment.) Epenthesis:增音 A: a hotel, a boy, a use, a wagon B: an apple, an honor, an orange, an old lady This process of insertion is known as EPENTHESIS The rule is like this: ? [n] /[?]_______ V More examples The three variants of the plural form in English are applied in the following fashion: The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds The /z/ appears after voiced sounds. (All vowels are voiced) The /?z/ appears after sibilants. (note: voiced sounds include vowels) According to the above fashion, we know that [z] ,which occurs in the most cases, is the basic form and the other two forms are derived from it. The basic term is technically known as the UNDERLYING FORM or UNDERLYING REPRESENTATION底层表达式 (UR), the derived form is the SURFACE FORM or SURFACE REPRESENTATION表层表达式 (SR). [s] is a matter of devoicing and [?z] is a case of epenthesis. The two rules are represented as follows: /z/ [s] /[-voice, C]_______ (devoicing) ? [?] /[+sibilant]_______[z] (epenthesis) Rule Ordering: p.44 The Elsewhere Condition: p.45 Suprasegmental Features Aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. Principal suprasegmental features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation. Syllables In English, a word may be monosyllabic (单音节) or polysyllabic (多音节). A syllable must have a nucleus (核心) or peak (峰), which is often the task of a vowel. Some times it