3EST chapter 3.pptVIP

3 增词减词（ amplification and omission ) 3.1 增词： 英语中没有量词，助词 汉译时增补；汉语没有复数概念，没有时态变化；英语不及物动词意义完整，汉语为及物必须增补宾语。 注意： 增词不增意。 3.1.1 增添原文省略词 1. Traditionally chemistry has evolved into four provinces: organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry. 按照传统说法，化学已逐步发展成了四大分支：有机化学、无机化学、物理化学和分析化学 2. Possible changes that occur upon exposure to high temperatures may be categorized into bulk, metallurgical and surface effects. 在高温下可能发生的变化，可分为体内效应、冶金效应和表面效应三类 3 We can see that the total number of protons plus neutrons is unchanged by the reaction, being 4+14 before, and 1+17 after. 我们可以看到，通过反应，质子加中子的总数没有改变，反应前是4+14，反应后是1+17。 3.1.2 增补连接词 1 Hydrogen burns in air or oxygen, forming water. 氢在空气或氧气中燃烧，就形成水 2 The first computer was heavy and power hungry, it also took much space. 早期的计算机不仅笨重费电，也颇占地方 3 Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力 4 But for water and air living things could not exist. 如果没有水和空气，生物就不能生存 5The emphasis on efficiency leads to the large, complex operations which are characteristic of engineering. 由于强调效率，因此引起工程所特有的工序繁琐而复杂的情况。 3.1.3增补复数概念 1 However, in spite of all this similarity between a voltmeter and an ammeter there are also important differences. 可是，尽管伏特表与安培表之间有这些类似之处，但还有若干重要的差别 2. An emf is applied across the ends of a copper wire. 电动势加在铜导线的两端 3. After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained. 在一系列的实验之后，许多重要现象都搞清楚了 4 As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 大家知道，空气是多种气体的混合物 3.1.4 具体化增词 1. The duration of a variable is the period of time during which storage is allocated to the variable. 变量的持续时间就是分配给变量存储的这段时间 2. Due care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall allow no irregularities and no interruptions. 应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。 3 Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈 4 This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers. 这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对电子计算机很有用处。 5 In most instances, designs are affect