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Module 9: Memory Management Background(背景) Logical versus Physical Address Space(逻辑与物理地址空间) Contiguous Allocation(连续分配) Paging(分页) Segmentation(分段) Segmentation with Paging(段页式) Swapping (交换) Background Program must be brought into memory and placed within a process for it to be executed.(程序必需放入一个进程,并且送入内存才能被执行) Input queue – collection of processes on the disk that are waiting to be brought into memory for execution.(输入队列— 磁盘上等待进入内存并执行的进程的集合) User programs go through several steps before being executed. (用户程序在执行之前必需经历很多步骤) Background Logical vs. Physical Address Space 重定位 The concept of a logical address space that is bound to a separate physical address space is central to proper memory management. (逻辑地址空间的概念同物理地址空间相关联,它是正确内存管理的中心。) Logical address – generated by the CPU; also referred to as virtual address.(逻辑地址—由CPU产生;也叫做虚拟空间。) Physical address – address seen by the memory unit.(物理地址—内存设备所读入的地址) Logical and physical addresses are the same in compile-time and load-time address-binding schemes; logical (virtual) and physical addresses differ in execution-time address-binding scheme. (逻辑和物理地址在编译时期和装入时期的地址绑定策略是相同的,而在执行时间的地址绑定策略是不同的。) Binding of Instructions and Data to Memory Compile time(编译时期): If memory location known a priori, absolute code can be generated; must recompile code if starting location changes.(如果内存位置已知,可生成绝对代码;如果开始位置改变,需要重新编译代码) Load time(装入时期): Must generate relocatable code if memory location is not known at compile time.(如果存储位置在编译时不知道,则必须生成可重定位代码) Execution time(执行时期): Binding delayed until run time if the process can be moved during its execution from one memory segment to another. Need hardware support for address maps (e.g., base and limit registers). (如果进程在执行时可以在内存中移动,则地址绑定要延迟到运行时。需要硬件对地址映射的支持,例如基址和限长寄存器) 地址重定位 将程序装入到与其地址空间不一致的物理空间,所引起的一系列地址变换过程。 静态地址重定位 在装入一个作业时,把作业中的指令地址全部转换为绝对地址,在作业执行过程中就无须再进行地址转换工作。 动态地址重定位:动态地址重地位是在程序执行过程中,在CPU访问内存之前,将要访问的程序或数据地址转换成内存地址. 动态重定位依靠硬件地址变换机构完成。 Memory-Management Unit (MMU) Hardware device that
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