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Lecture 6 Binary Counter Thinking Digitally Henry Farny’s Song of the Talking Wire 2 Minute QuizName_______ Sec_______Date_______ Code Example: Code Example: Code Example: PWM Question: Joseph Henry the Telegraph Albany Academy Experiment Assisted Morse at Princeton 1st Head of Smithsonian Unit of inductance: Henry Morse Code Simple sequences of short and long clicks to represent letters and numbers Easier to generate than sound Easier to distinguish than sound UPC Codes 0 = 3-2-1-1 1 = 2-2-2-1 2 = 2-1-2-2 3 = 1-4-1-1 4 = 1-1-3-2 5 = 1-2-3-1 6 = 1-1-1-4 7 = 1-3-1-2 8 = 1-2-1-3 9 = 3-1-1-2 Communicating With Pulses PCM: Pulse Code Modulation PCM: Pulse Code Modulation PWM: Pulse Width Modulation Signal is compared to a sawtooth wave producing a pulse width proportional to amplitude Optical Receiver Receiver detects pulses of light Pulses are amplified and partly averaged by 741 op-amp (volume adjusted with the pot) Higher frequencies still in signal cannot be heard Signal is increased by 386 audio amp 386 audio amp drives the speaker Optical Transmitter Audio signal changes thresholds for 555 timer producing a type of pulse width modulation of the light from the LED. Signals from Audio Remote Binary Numbers 6 0110 7 0111 8 1000 9 1001 10 1010 11 1011 Binary Counter Animations showing counter operation /digital/synchronous_counter.html Counter for lab Typical Output for Binary Counter Note how the Q outputs form 4 bit numbers Digital Pulses Function generator produces a 1kHz sinusoidal voltage. 1v peak-to-peak (pp) Digital Pulses Switch to a square wave at 1kHz. Still 1v pp Digital Pulses Add a 0.5 volt offset so that the square wave goes from 0 volts to 1 volt Digital Pulses Now the duty cycle is adjusted to 20% to see what a single digital pulse looks like. Pulses on a Transmission Line Pulses propagate down transmission lines at the speed of light. They reflect off of the load if the load is not the same impedance as the line. Lines, sources