Ch. 9 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES.ppt

* Ch. 9 SYSTEM OF PARTICLES 9.1 The Center of Mass If more than two particles are considered as a whole, it is called a many-particle system. Internal force: forces acting on particles by each other inside of system; External force: forces acting on particles by others out of system. The center of mass of a system is the point that moves as though all of the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there. 9.2 Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles Apply Newton’s second law to each particle in a system and take a summation of Newton’s equations: The second summation of all internal forces is zero. And 9.3 Linear Momentum 9.3.1 Linear momentum The linear momentum of a particle: When the speed of a particle is close to speed of light, its linear momentum becomes: 9.3.2 Impulse For a constant force, F, the linear impulse is defined as For a variable force, F, in three dimension, the linear impulse is defined by an infinitesimal impulse 9.3.3 Linear impulse-momentum principle Newton’s Second Law becomes By multiplying an infinitesimal time interval, dt, 9.4 The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles A system of n particles has total linear momentum: 9.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum For a single particle, if , the conservation of linear momentum is achieved. For a system of particles, if the external forces are zero, the total linear momentum is conservative. 9.6 System with Varying Mass: A Rocket Consider a rocket whose mass at time t is m and that ejects mass from the engine at the constant rate. The velocity of escaping gases is constant relative to the rocket, and is equal to uo. In the absence of any net external force: Neglect the second order infinitesimal quantities Problems: 9-3 (on page 188); 9-7; 9-12; 9-32; 9-47. *