Auditory, Tactual, and Olfactory Displays.ppt

Auditory, Tactual, and Olfactory Displays Chapter 6 Auditory, Tactual, and Olfactory Displays Hearing ? Auditory Display ? Cutaneous Senses Tactual Display ? Olfactory Sense ? Olfactory Display ? Hearing Nature and Measurement of Sound ? Anatomy of the Ear ? Conversion of Sound Waves to Sensations ? Masking ? Hearing —Nature and Measurement of Sound Frequency of Sound Waves Sinusoidal (or sine) wave Fig 6-1 Pitch Intensity of Sound Complex Sound Hearing —Nature and Measurement of Sound Intensity of Sound 定義: power per unit area 單位: decibel (dB) SPL(dB) = 10 log (P12/P02)= 20 log (P1/P0) P0= 20μN/m2 (reference) Sound-level-meter (combine 各種頻率) Weighting networks: A, B, C (ANSI) Fig 6-2 (例) Sound level (A)=45dB, SLA=45dB, 45dB(A) Hearing —Nature and Measurement of Sound Complex Sound Individual sine waves: combine Fig 6-3 Sound Spectrum: Spectral analysis Sound → frequency bands, intensity Frequency-band analyzer: Fig 6-4 bandwidth小 → more detail, lower sound level ANSI: 10 bands center freq.: 31.5, 63, 125,…… Hearing —Anatomy of the Ear Fig 6-5 Middle Ear: Acoustic (or aural) reflex Hearing —Conversion of Sound Waves to Sensations Sensitive: 1000 – 5000 Hz. Hearing —Masking Operational definition: Masking sound → threshold elevation Selecting auditory signal: 需考慮環境噪音之 masking effect Masking effect of pure tone Fig 6-6 Greatest effect: near the freq. (of masking tone) its harmonic overtones Higher intensity: spread to higher freq. Critical band: 可產生masking effect之頻率範圍 Higher freq. → larger critical band Auditory Display Auditory display preferable: p.169 ? Detection of Signals ? Relative Discrimination ? Absolute Identification ? Localization ? Principles ? Specific Purpose ? Auditory Display — preferable When the origin of the signal is itself a sound When the messa