Chapter 1 Characteristic Featuresof Surfactants.ppt

Chapter 1 Characteristic Featuresof Surfactants 表面活性剂概述 §1、表面活性剂的分类 一、以表面活性剂的疏水基分类 1、主要有三大类： （1）碳氢链（ R一般C8-C20） （a）烷基(Alkyl) 常见的例如： 十二烷基（月桂基）dodecyl （lauric ） 十四烷基（肉豆蔻基）tetradecyl （myristic） 十六烷基（棕榈基）cetyl （palmitic ） 十八烷基（硬脂基）octadecyl（stearic ） CH3-(CH2)n-COOMe （b）链稀基（Alkenyl)——有双键，易诱导极化。亲水性高于同碳原子数的烷基。 例如,硬脂酸与 油酸（9-十八烯酸 oleic acid）， CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOMe 亚油酸（9,12-十八二烯酸linoleic acid） CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOMe 亲水性逐个增加。 又例如，6个碳的苯环的疏水性只相当于3.5个亚甲基。CH3(CH2)11-C6H4-SO3Na R=C15.5 （c）含极性基烃——同上，亲水性高于同碳原子数的烷基。 例如，蓖麻油酸(ricinoleic acid) 12-羟基-9-十八烯酸的亲水性高于油酸。 (2) 疏水链对表面活性剂的影响 (a) 疏水基的链长Length of the Hydrophobic Group If increase in the length of the hydrophobic group then 溶解度Decreases the solubility of the surfactant in water and increases its solubility in organic so1vents, b)引起紧密聚集Causes closer packing of the surfactant molecules at the interface, c) 增加吸附与胶束化倾向Increases the tendency of the surfactant to adsorb at an interface or to form micelles, d) 提高熔点Increases the melting point of the surfactant and of the adsorbed film, e) 增加对反离子的敏感性Increases the sensitivity of the surfactant, if it is ionic, to precipitation from water by counter-ions. (b) 支链与不饱和度的影响（Branching and Un-saturation） The introduction of branching or un-saturation into the hydrophobic group 溶解度Increases the solubility of the surfactant in water or in organic solvents (compared to the straight-chain, saturated isomer), 降低熔点Decreases the melting point of the surfactant and of the adsorbed film. c)引起疏松聚集与抑制液晶形成Causes looser packing of the surfactant molecules at the interface and inhibits liquid-crystal formation in solution, d)不饱和组分易氧化和变色May cause oxidation and color formation in unsaturated compounds, e)有支链组分生物降解性下降May decrease biodegradability in branched -chain compounds. (c) 芳环的影响Aromatic Nucleus The presence of an aromatic nucleus in the hydrophobic group may Increase the adsorption of the surfactant onto polar surfaces, Decrease its b