Chapter 3 Phonology.ppt

Chapter 3 Phonology English Linguistics: An Introduction Chapter 3 Phonology 0. Warm-up Questions 1. Introduction 2. A Basic Distinction 3. Phonological Process 4. Suprasegmental Features 0. Warm-up Questions 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 2. A Basic Distinction 2. A Basic Distinction 3. Phonological Process 4. Suprasegmental Features 4. Suprasegmental Features * * How can we know how many sounds a speaker produces in speech? How is a sound influenced by its neighboring sounds? How do you think a linguist identifies distinctive sounds in a language? What else do we have to know in order to pronounce correctly besides the pronunciation of a single sound? 1.1 Definition Phonology is the study of sound system (pattern, structure). Phonologists seek to find out (i) which sounds, out of all the sounds a speaker of some language utters, are the linguistically significant sounds for that language, and (ii) which rules govern the organization and distribution of these sounds with respect to each other. 1.2 Phonology vs. Phonetics Phonetics and phonology are both concerned with the same aspect of language — speech sounds. The distinction between the two fields is as follows: phonetics deals primarily with all the speech sounds in all human languages, including the way in which they are produced, transmitted, and perceived; while phonology deals more with the organization of speech sounds into sound systems of different languages. 2.1 Phone Definition: individual sounds as they occur in actual speech, the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech. Examples: tenth [thenθ] (represented between brackets by convention) ︺ ～ 2.2 Phoneme Definition: the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. Examples: /b/, /j/, /o/ (between slashes by convention) 2.3 Allophone Definition: any variant of a phoneme (in complementary distribution互补分配 and with phonetic similarity发音相似性) e.g. The aspirated [ph] in the wo