Fiber-Optic Communication Systems.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * OE of HUST * Chapter 1. Introduction System Components Characteristics Evolution Review Basic Concepts * OE of HUST * 1.3 Basic Concepts 1.3.1 Analog Digital Signals Fig.1.3 Representation of (a) an analog signal and (b) a digital signal Analog signals: audio, video (continuous) Digital signals: data (discrete, binary representation) * OE of HUST * Fig.1.4. Three steps of required for converting an analog signal into a binary digital signal (a) sampling, (b) quantization, and (c) coding. * OE of HUST * Analog → Digital Sampling: fs 2⊿f ( Nyquist Criterion) Quantizing: leading additional noise! Amax/M, MAmax/AN Amax: the maximum amplitude of the given signal AN: the root-mean-square amplitude of the analog signal SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) =20log10(Amax/AN) Coding: m log2M m: number of bits, M: quantized signal level * OE of HUST * ⊿f→ B B= mfs 2⊿f · log2M SNR=20log10(Amax/AN) M Amax/AN B (⊿f /3) · SNR Ex. HDTV: SNR=50dB, ⊿f =4MHz B 66 Mbit/s Why use digital signal for optical transmission? * OE of HUST * 1.3.2 Modulation Formats NRZ RZ clock for retiming, but large bandwidth! small bandwidth, but bit-pattern-dependent effect Fig.1.5 Digital bit stream 010110… coded by using (a) return-to-zero (RZ) and (b) non-return-to-zero (NRZ) formats. * OE of HUST * Analog: AM, FM and PM AM * OE of HUST * Digital: ASK, FSK, PSK FSK PSK for optical carrier ? OOK (on-off keying)---intensity modulation! * OE of HUST * 1.3.3 Channel multiplexing TDM Channel 2 1 0 1 0 1 Channel 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 ? t ?1 FDM 1 0 1 0 1 Channel 1 Channel 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ?1 ?2 ? t ?1 ?2 TDM FDM * OE of HUST * ETDM For digital voice channel, sampling 24 channels, sampling gate could be open for 125/24 microsecond. Bitrate: 64k*24=1.536Mb/s 1 24 2 * OE of HUST * 64Kb/s 1544Kb/s 2048Kb/s 6312K