Tritium Supply Considerations.ppt

Tritium Supply Considerations Credits Contributors P. Rutherford, D.-K. Sze, J. Anderson, M. Abdou References Rutherford, P., “The Tritium Window”, informal report (1999). Bergeron, K. D., Tritium on Ice, MIT Press (2002). Wittenberg, L. J., “Comparison of Tritium Production Reactors”, Fusion Tech., 19, 1040 (1991). Snowmass 1999 report Snowmass 2002 report Personal Communication, Ontario Power Generation (2003). Personal Communication, Atomic Energy Canada (2003). Personal Communication, Accelerator Production of Tritium (1999). Inspector General Report, “Modernization of Tritium Requirements Systems”, 12/03 How “open” is the tritium window? Tritium used: 55.8 Kg T/yr for 1000 MWfus (includes alpha heat), 100% available Tritium bred: Fusion has never done this Tritium for next step: ITER startup inventory estimated to be ~3 Kg DEMO startup inventory likely to be between 4-10 Kg Tritium available: 18.5 Kg (2003) Brief history of US tritium production 1953-1955 Tritium producing reactors online 1976-1988 Need for new tritium production method recognized, many false starts, controversy, no real progress 1979 Three Mile Island 1986 Chernobyl 1987 N and C reactors shutdown 1988 K, L and P shutdown 1989 Plan to refurbish/restart K New Production Reactor project start -MHTGR, HWR, LWR 1990 Ebasco HWR and MHTGR selected 1991 Arms reduction progress, only one option needed K Reactor leaks Brief history of US tritium production (cont.) 1992 $1.5B spent on K reactor $1.5B spent on NPR, program cancelled 1993 K reactor restart cancelled 1995 APT primary option and CLWR is backup 1997 TVA proposed sale of Bellefonte to DOE with Watts Bar/Sequoya service as backup 1998 “Interagency review” issued Watts Bar service chosen 2011 Production restart date for START-II 2029 Von Hippel estimate for real restart date Cost of tritium Old DOE price was $10K/gm Present Canada price is ~$30K/gm E