國際原子能組織.pptVIP

Main reasons for environmental problems are not technical, but economic and political 環境問題的主因並不是技術性的，而是經濟性和政治性的 For example, developing countries receive profits from accepting developed countries toxic wastes 例如，發展中國家從接收發達國家有毒廢料中獲利 Developing countries don‘t want to alienate foreign investors by requiring clean environment發展中國家不想因為要求有清潔的環境而阻礙了外國投資者Reflected in 1972 UN Declaration on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration)在1972年《聯合國人類環境宣言》(《斯德哥爾摩人類環境宣言》)中反映出來Many delegates argued that developing countries shouldn’t be forced to be anti-pollution很多代表認為， 發展中國家不應受迫去抵制污染 Argued that environmental concerns should not be used by developed countries to deny developing countries market access認為發達國家不應該以關注環境為由, 阻礙發展中國家的市場準入Some international agencies do evaluate environmental impact of projects they finance一些國際組織確實評估其資助項目的環境後果UN Environmental Programme has pushed certain conventions, e.g. Endangered Species Treaty聯合國環境計劃已促進了某些協約，例如《瀕危物種條約》 endangered species UNEP has set up “Earthwatch System” that includes Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) to monitor pollutants聯合國環境計劃成立了「地球觀察系統」，其中包括用於監察污染物的「全球環境監察糸統」Also has INFOTERRA to provide information for environmental planning還有為環境規劃的提供信息的全球環境資訊交流網路(INFOTERRA)Under Stockholm Declaration, states, for most part, are free to adopt own environmental rules據《斯德哥爾摩人類環境宣言》，多數情況下國家有權制訂自己的環境政策Most states have taken few preventative measures大部分國家很少實施預防措施 environmental monitoring system I.L. comes into play where pollution from a country impacts its neighbors當一個國家的污染影響了鄰國，國際法便會發揮其功能Source of problem may be obvious Example: acid rain. 問題的根源可能很明顯，例如酸雨But often hard to lay blame for pollution on individual statesExample: ozone depletion但是通常難以將污染歸咎於某個國家, 例如臭氧耗盡State responsible for pollution where actual damage shown對造成實際損失的污染國家要承擔責任 In Trail Smelter Case (Arbitration 1939), pollution from Canadian smelter damaged farmers‘ trees and crops in U.S.在特萊爾冶煉廠案（1939仲裁）中，加拿大冶煉廠的污染物損害了美國農民的樹和農作物Hel