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A WATERMARK FOR DIGITAL IMAGES Raymond B. Wolfgang and Edward J. Delp Computer Vision and Image Processing Laboratory Purdue Multimedia Testbed Laboratory School of Electrical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-1285 USA ABSTRACT The growth of networked multimedia systems has magnified the need for image copyright protection. One approach used to address this problem is to add an invisible structure to an image that can be used to seal or mark it. These structures are known as digital watermarks. In this paper we describe two techniques for the invisible marking of images. We analyze the robustness of the watermarks with respect to linear and nonlinear filtering,and JPEG compression. The results show that our watermarks detect all but the most minute changes to the image. 1. INTRODUCTION The recent growth of networked multimedia systems has caused problems relative to he protection of intellectual property rights. This is particularly true for image and ideo data. The types of protection systems involve the use of both encryption and authentication techniques.In this paper we describe a form of authentication known as a watermark. These digital watermarks also offer forgery detection. Several watermarking techniques have been proposed. One uses a checksum on the image data which is embedded in the least significant bits of certain pixels [1]. Others add a maximal length linear shift register sequence to the pixel data and identify the watermark by computing the spatial crosscorrelation function of the sequence and the watermarked image [2]. Watermarks can be image dependent, using independent visual channels [3], or be generated by modulating JPEG coefficients [4]. These watermarks are designed to be invisible,or to blend in with natural camera or scanner noise. Visible watermarks also exist; IBM has developed a proprietary visible watermark to protect images that are part of the digital Vatican library project