DNAFORENSICS：DNA取证.pptVIP

* DNA FORENSICS Andy Cheng, Mike Garofalo, Jon Keung, Bo Li, Jenny Nguyen, Jeff Wharton Introduction: DNA forensics? DNA Forensics a form of forensics that harness the minute differences that exist between individual’s genetic material in order to distinguish, identify, and match subjects. The differences (polymorphisms) between the genetic materials can be examined and used in objective ways in fields such as archeology, crime forensics, identification of species, and even agricultural monitoring. The field was greatly advanced by the advent of DNA-based identification techniques. There exist several powerful techniques, each relies on a specific characteristic of DNA sequence, but usually involve laboratory examination of the sequence or length of unique regions of DNA. The techniques that are commonly used are Restriction Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), and analysis of mitochondrial DNA and the Y-chromosome. Each of the above approach carries its own set of advantages and limitations. DNA based forensics relies on differences between DNA samples. These differences can be inherited or obtained from random mutation events, but this only occurs rarely. Polymorphisms without a selectional pressure occurs at a fixed rate. Forensics utilizes these frequencies to calculate the probability of an individual having a certain set of polymorphisms. As DNA-based forensic techniques improve and become more efficient, the costs and implications of using these techniques must be considered. Restriction Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs). RFLPs are differences in the length of DNA fragments after digestion with restriction endonucleases. These differences in length are caused by variations, or polymorphisms in the DNA sequences in the human genome. While most of the human genome is identical from individual to individual, about 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exist, the genome itself being approximately 3 billion base pai