Optical Fiber Communications.ppt

Optical Fiber Communications Chapter 10 WDM Concepts and Components Copyright ? The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Overview – Chapter 10 10.1 Overview of WDM 10.2 Passive Optical Couplers 10.3 Isolators and Circulators 10.4 Fiber Grating Filters 10.5 Dielectric Thin-Film Filters 10.6 Phased-Array-Based Devices 10.7 Diffraction Gratings 10.8 Active Optical Components 10.9 Tunable Light Sources * Overview of WDM A characteristic of WDM is that the discrete wavelengths form an orthogonal set of carriers that can be separated, routed, and switched without interfering with each other. WDM networks require a variety of passive and active devices to combine, distribute, isolate, and amplify optical power at different wavelengths. * WDM Spectral Bands Many independent narrowband regions in the O- through L-bands can be used simultaneously. These regions are designated either in terms of spectral width or optical bandwidth. The optical bandwidth Δν related to a particular spectral width Δλ is found by differentiating c = λν; for Δλ λ2 * WDM Standards ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1 specifies DWDM operation in the S-, C-, and L-bands for frequency spacing of 100 to 12.5 GHz (or, equivalently, 0.8 to 0.1 nm at 1550 nm). The number NM is used by ITU-T to designate a specific 19N.M-THz C-band 100-GHz channel, e.g., the frequency 194.3 THz is ITU channel 43. * 10.2 Passive Optical Couplers Passive devices operate completely in the optical domain to split and combine light streams. They include N ? N couplers (with N ≥ 2), power splitters, power taps, and star couplers. They can be fabricated either from optical fibers or by means of planar optical waveguides using material such as LiNbO3, InP, silica, silicon oxynitride, or various polymers. * The 2 ? 2 Fiber Coupler P0 is the input power, P1 is the throughout power, and P2 is the power coupled into the second fiber. P3 and P4 are extremely low signal levels (-50 to -70 dB below the