耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡22OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：.doc

耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡22OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：.txt什么叫乐观派？这个。。。。。。就象茶壶一样，屁股被烧得红红的，还有心情吹口哨。生活其实很简单，过了今天就是明天。一生看一个女人是不科学的，容易看出病来。上节课 Last time, 我提到了对于死亡性质的思考 I distinguished between two ways in which thinking about 可能影响我们行为方式的 the facts about the nature of death 两种不同途径 could influence our behavior. 一方面 它可能给我们理由 On the one hand, it could give us reasons 让我们改变行为方式 另一方面 to behave or respond differently, and on the other hand 它本身就使我们改变行为方式 it could merely cause us to behave differently. 如果这种改变 Insofar as it just happens to be 只不过是人类心理学中的 some fact about human psychology 一些现象而已 that we behave this way or that way, 或许面对死亡最恰当的方式就是 perhaps the appropriate way to deal with the facts of death would be 完全忽略它 to simply disregard them. 但我总是认为 Im inclined to believe, however, 思考这些事情 that there are ways in which thinking about the facts 并不仅仅改变我们的行为方式 would not merely cause us to behave one way rather than another 而是给我们理由 but give us reason 让我们改变行为方式 to behave one way rather than another. 这就是我现在想探讨的问题 And thats the question that I want to then explore from here on out. 在什么情况下 通过什么途径 In what circumstances, or in what ways, 我们应该改变行为方式 should we behave one way rather than another? 所以我不仅要研究 So, Im not merely going to draw on 我们的行为会怎样 facts about how, as it happens, we behave. 有可能你想到死亡的时候 It could be that if you dwelled upon the facts about death, 会一直尖叫不已 直到死亡 you would scream interminably until the moment you died-- 借用托尔斯泰的说法 taking a tip from Tolstoy. 但这一行为本身 But that doesnt itself 说明不了它是恰当的行为 {\c 也许它仅仅出于我们的本能 that might just be a mere causal fact about how were built. 我想问的是 如何才是恰当的 The question I want to ask is, how is it appropriate, 有什么理由 in what ways is there reason, 做出这种反应而不是另一种反应 to react one way rather than another? 我之前提到过 Now as I say, 我们大部分人都认为 the thought seems very compelling for most of us that 有令人信服的理由说明 there are ways in which it makes sense 死亡影响了我们的生活方式 for the facts about death to influence how we live, 我们的观念 我们的情感 what our attitudes are, what are emotions are. 例如 卡夫卡说