第一章 原子结构.pptVIP

* Van der Waals doctoral thesis was entitled “On the continuity of the gas and liquid state. In this thesis he derived the equation of state bearing his name. This work gave a model in which the liquid and the gas phase of a substance merge into each other in a continuous manner. It shows that the two phases are of the same nature. Since he was one of the first to postulate an intermolecular force, however rudimentary, such a force is now sometimes called a van der Waals force. Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923) was a Dutch physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on intermolecular forces and an equation of state for gases and liquids. For his work, van der Waals won the 1910 Nobel Prize in physics. * 思考题 1、名词解释：结合键、离子键、金属键、共价键 2、下列物质含有何种键：黄铜（brass）、橡胶（rubber）、 金刚石（diamond）、SiO2、单晶Si、NaCl。 3、 HF 的分子量小于 HCl ，为什么HF具有比HCl更高的沸点。 （提示：电负性：F：4.0, Cl：3.0) * 物质结构Structures of Materials 1st * Materials science today is an applied science. Its fascination lies in the challenge of using science to give mankind the best materials that the laws of nature and the Earth’s natural resources will allow. The most important aspect of any material is its structure, because its properties are closely related to this feature. To be successful, a materials scientist or engineer must have a good understanding of this relationship between structure and properties. * 第一章 原子结构Atomic Structure * 1. 任何物质由原子组成 结合方式 排列方式 物质的性能 3. 工程材料通常是固态物质，是由各种元素通过原子、离子或分子结合而成 原子、离子、分子之间的结合力称为结合键bond。 它们的具体组合状态称为结构structure。 2. 物质的聚集状态： 气态gas、液态liquid和固态solid * 物质结构 Structures of materials 从尺度角度依次为： A：宏观结构（macrostructure）： = mm B：细观结构(mesoscopic structure)： mm-mm C：微观结构（microstructure）： nm-mm D：纳米结构（nanostructure）：nm E：原子的近程排列（short-range order）：? F：原子结构（atomic structure） ：? * C60 1.1 原子结构 * 原子核 轨道电子 原子内部结构 inner structure of an atom 电子的排列和运动方式 单个原子的行为 结合方式 材料种类 材料性能 * 1869年，门捷列夫（D.I.Mendeleev, 1934-1907）提出如果将元素按原子量排列，元素的化学性质和物理性质呈现出周期性变化，提出了元素周期表。 元素周期表The periodic