Basic Energy Units, Terms and Calculations.ppt

ME 416/516 ME 416/516 Basic Energy Units, Terms and Calculations War Eagle! Roll Tide! Energy Units Need to distinguish between energy and power Common energy units: Btu (British Thermal Unit)- energy required to heat one lbm of water one degree Fahrenheit 1 Btu = 778.16 ft-lbf = 1.055 kJ = 0.252 Cal Commonly used measure of fuel energy, heating and cooling quantities 1 MBtu = 1000 BTU; 1 MMBtu = 106 Btu 1 Quad = 1015 Btu (billion 109, trillion 1012, quadrillion) 1 Q = 1018 Btu Energy Units kJ- standard SI-mks energy unit 1 kJ = 1000 J = 1000 N-m kJ used to measure fuel energy and heating and cooling quantities kWh- used to measure electrical energy 1 kWh = 3412 Btu = 3600 kJ = 860 Cal Calorie- used to measure food energy, technically should be called a “kilocalorie.” Chemist’s “calorie” (lower case c) is the energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C. 1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4.186 kJ = 3.968 Btu Power Units Horsepower- used to measure rate of mechanical work 1 hp = 2545 Btu/hr = 0.746 kW kW- SI power unit used for both work and heat transfer. Sometimes see “kWth” for thermal kW. 1 kW = 3412 Btu/hr = 1.34 hp = 0.2843 Tons Ton- American unit of cooling rate commonly employed to measure air conditioning capacity 1 Ton = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.517 kWth Performance Measures The following measures are used by energy engineers to rate equipment performance: Mechanical efficiency is used to measure efficiency of transforming one form of work to another. The theoretical limit is 100%. Performance Measures Thermal efficiency measures efficiency of converting heat to work (heat engines). The upper limit is fixed by heat engine Carnot efficiency. Heat rate is the reciprocal of thermal efficiency, and represents fuel energy in Btu required to produce a kWh of electricity. Performance Measures Annual fuel utilization efficiency is the average fraction of fuel energy converted to useful heating by a furnace or hot water heater. AFUE ≤ 1. Coefficient of Performance is the d