Chapter 17 Thermal Behavior of Matter.ppt

Chapter 17: Thermal Behavior of Matter Equations of state Equations of state (cont’d) Equations of state (cont’d) Equation of state (cont’d) Equations of state (cont’d) Equations of state (cont’d) Equations of state (cont’d) Equations of state (cont’d) Molecular properties of matter Kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas Exercises Exercises Exercises Exercises * State variables and equations of state Variables that describes the state of the material are called state variables: pressure, volume, temperature, amount of substance The volume V of a substance is usually determined by its pressure p, temperature T, and amount of substance, described by the mass m In a few cases the relationship among p, V, T and m (or n) is simple enough to be expressed by an equation called the equation of state For complicated cases, we can use graphs or numerical tables. Ideal gas An ideal gas is a collection of atoms or molecules that move randomly and exert no long-range forces on each other. Each particle of the ideal gas is individually point-like, occupying a negligible volume. Low-density/low-pressure gases behave like ideal gases. Most gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure can be approximately treated as ideal gases. Definition of a mole One mole (mol) of any substance is that amount of the substance that contains as many particles (atoms, or other particles) as there are atoms in 12 g of the isotope carbon-12 12C. This number is called Avogadro’s number and is equal to 6.02 x 1023. One atomic mass unit (u) is equal to 1.66x10-24 g. The mass m of an Avogadro’s number of carbon-12 atoms is : The mass per atom for a given element is: 1.66x10-24=1/6.02x1023 Equations of state (cont’d) The same number of particles is found in a mole of a substance. Atomic mass of hydrogen 1H is 1 u, and that of carbon 12C is 12 u. 12 g of 12C consists of exactly NA atoms of 12C. The molecular mass of molecular hydrogen H2 is 2u, and NA