superbugs 超级细菌.pptVIP

Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria by: taylor destiny Brief introducion Antibiotic resistant bacteria cannot be controlled or killed by antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA or golden staph), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are serious public health problems. Avoiding unnecessary prescription of antibiotics can reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria. New words antibiotics:抗生素 （常见的抗生素有：青霉素，庆大霉素，林可霉素以及头孢类的抗菌素 ） penicillin ：青霉素 bacteria：细菌 antibacterial agent:抗菌剂 sulfonamide:磺胺(制)剂 pathogen:病原体 Questions What is antibiotic resistance ? Why do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics ? How do bacteria become resistant ? How does antibiotic resistance spread ? 发现青霉素的是英国细菌学家亚历山大·弗莱明 1928年，弗莱明在检查培养皿时发现，在培养皿中的葡萄球菌由于被污染而长了一大团霉，而且霉团周围的葡萄球菌被杀死了，只有在离霉团较远的地方才有葡萄球菌生长。他把这种霉团接种到无菌的琼脂培养基和肉汤培养基上，结果发现在肉汤里，这种霉菌生长很快，形成一个又一个白中透绿和暗绿色的霉团。通过鉴定，弗莱明知道了这种霉菌属于青霉菌的一种，于是，他把经过过滤所得的含有这种霉菌分泌物的液体叫做“青霉素”。接着弗莱明又把这种霉菌接种到各种细菌的培养皿中，发现葡萄球菌、链球菌和白喉杆菌等都能被它抑制。这极大地鼓舞了正急于找到一种治疗化脓性感染药物的弗莱明。经过一系列试验和研究，弗莱明认为青霉素可能成为一种可以全身应用的抗菌药物。　　 当时正值二战期间，青霉素的研制和生产转移到了美国。青霉素的大量生产，拯救了千百万伤病员，成为第二次世界大战中与原子弹、雷达并列的三大发明之一。　　这一造福人类的贡献使弗莱明、钱恩和弗洛里共同获得了1945年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。青霉素的发现是人类发展抗菌素历史上的一个里程碑。直到今天，它仍是流行最广、应用最多的抗菌素。青霉素能杀灭各种病菌，还可以治疗各种炎症。 What is antibiotic resistance? Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth; in other words, the bacteria are resistant and continue to multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels of an antibiotic. Why do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics？ Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon. When an antibiotic is used, bacteria that can resist that antibiotic have a greater chance of survival than those that are susceptible. Susceptible bacteria are killed or inhibited by an antibiotic, resulting in a selective pressure for the survival of resistant strains of bacteria.Some resistance occurs without human action, as