Introduction to MRI NMR.ppt

Introduction to MRI Introduction to MRI: NMR Physics reminders Nuclei and atoms Electromagnetic spectrum and Radio Frequency Magnets Vectors NMR phenomena nuclei, atoms and electron clouds (molecular environment) excitation and energy states, Zeeman diagram precession and resonance quantum vs. classical pictures of proton(s) Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic spectrum RF Antennae vs. RF coils Nuclei and subatomic particles Stern-Gerlach experiment: discovery of spin Discovery of magnetic moment on particles with spins Electron beam has (roughly) even mix of spin-up and spin-down electrons Beam should be bent to the side because a force is exerted on moving charge in a magnetic field Beam was also split vertically, because electrons posses inherent magnetic moment Spin and magnetic moment Sub-atomic particles have intrinsic angular momentum (spin), L Aligned with L is ?, a magnetic moment The quantum number I determines how many spin states a particle might be found in For a nucleus, the number of protons and neutrons determines I L and ? are related by ?, the gyromagnetic ratio Periodic table: some nuclei are magnetic Water Magnets Magnets Resonant frequency Electromagnetic spectrum Hydrogen spectrum: electron transitions Gyromagnetic (magnetogyric) ratio From spin-1/2 particles to bulk magnetization Information in proton NMR signal Resonant frequency depends on Static magnetic field Molecule Relaxation rate depends on physical environment Microscopic field perturbations Tissue interfaces Deoxygenated blood Molecular environment Gray matter White matter CSF Proton NMR spectrum: ethanol * Psy 8960, Spring ’07 www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm c = ?? ? = 3 x 108 m/s /? www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm Antennae disperse energy Coils focus energy http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/SternGerlach/SternGerlach.html www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/ Dipole in a static field B N S N S Lowest energy Highest energy Units of magnetic field: 1 Tesla = 104 G