无线通信基础(双语)_教学课件_4.ppt

With random (arbitrary) shadowing, path losses are different even among MS with same T-R distance Due to various clutters on path, shadowing effect is random Path loss is also random, and usually normal (in dB) We have log-normal distribution of path loss (about a mean value) Let be a zero-mean Gaussian distributed random variable (in dB) with standard deviation . The pdf of is given by For example, 8 dB is a typical value for in an outdoor cellular system and 5 dB is a value for an indoor environment. As a result, long-term fading is a combination of log-dista