无线通信系统第4章.ppt

Small-Scale fading Fading (small-scale) is a more rapid fluctuation of signals – caused by ? constructive and destructive interference between two or more versions of the same signal (multipath ) ? Doppler effect, due to moving terminals or surroundings ? signals wider than coherence bandwidth of radio channel Characteristics of Radio Channel (Large path loss) Multipath (reflection, scattering) Time-variant (time-varying, a consequence of the constantly changing physical characteristics of the media, e.g. moving of objects) Impulse response of wireless channels The mobile channel can be modeled as a linear, time varying filter with impulse response h(t,t), where t is the channel multipath delay for a fixed t. The impulse response h(t,t) completely characterizes the channel and is a function of both t and t The received signal can be expressed as a convolution of the channel impulse response h(t,t) with the transmitted signal x(t) the time varying discrete-time impulse response model for a multipath radio channel Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels Time Dispersion Parameters Coherent bandwidth Doppler Spread Coherence Time Time Dispersion Parameters Mean excess delay Doppler Spread and Coherence Time Example Statistical Models for Flat Fading Channel The Ricean distribution degenerates to a Rayleigh distribution when the dominant component fades away. Equalization Compensates for intersymbol interference (ISI) created by multipath within time dispersive channels. An equalizer within a receiver compensates for average range of expected channel amplitude and delay characteristics. Equalizers are generally adaptive since channel is unknown and time varying, for example GSM. Channel must be learned through training and tracked during data transmission. Some techniques to mitigate fading The intersymbol interference of received symbols (bits) must be removed before decision making (the case is illustrated below for a binary signal, where symbol = bit): Decision