Ultrasound Imaging Lecture 2课件.pptVIP

Ultrasound Imaging: Lecture 2 Absorption Reflection Scatter Speed of sound Signal modeling Signal Processing Statistics Anatomy of an ultrasound beam Near field or Fresnel zone Far field or Fraunhofer zone Near-to-far field transition, L Anatomy of an ultrasound beam Lateral Resolution (FWHM) Anatomy of an ultrasound beam Depth of Field (DOF) Array Geometries Schematic of a linear phased array Definition of azimuth, elevation Scanning angle shown, q, in negative scan direction. Some Basic Geometry Delay determination: simple path length difference reference point: phase center apply Law of Cosines approximate for ASIC implementation In some cases, split delay into 2 parts: beam steering dynamic focusing Far field beam steering For beam steering: far field calculation particularly easy often implemented as a fixed delay Beamformation: Focusing Basic focusing type beamformation Symmetrical delays about phase center. Beamformation: Beam steering Beam steering with linear phased arrays. Asymmetrical delays, long delay lines Anatomy of an ultrasound beam Electronic Focusing Grating Lobes Linear array: 32 element array 3 MHz ‘pitch’ l = 0.4 mm l = 0.51 mm L= N l = 13 mm How to avoid: design for horizon-to-horizon safety Array design Linear array: 32 element array 3 MHz pitch l = 0.4 mm l = 0.51 mm Larray= N l = 13 mm How to avoid: design for horizon-to-horizon safety Apodization Same array: 32 element array 3 MHz pitch l = 0.4 mm l = 0.51 mm Larray = N l = 13 mm With w/o Hanning wting. Sidelobes way down. Mainlobe wider No effect on grating lobes. Summary of Beam Processing Beam shape is improved by several processing steps: Transmit apodization Multiple transmit focal locations Dynamic focusing Dynamic receive apodization Post-beamsum processing Upper frame: fixed transmit focus Lower frame: the above steps. Overall Imager Block Diagram Imaging System Signals Coarse and Fine Beamforming Delays Speckle Noise in an Ultrasound Image Now consider a complex dis