Week 12.Language Universals, and the beginnings of a model课件.pptVIP

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Week 12.Language Universals, and the beginnings of a model课件.ppt

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GRS LX 700Language Acquisition andLinguistic Theory Week 12.Language Universals, and the beginnings of a model Typological universals 1960’s and 1970’s saw a lot of activity aimed at identifying language universals, properties of Language. Class of possible languages is smaller than you might think. If a language has one property (A), it will necessarily have another (B). +A+B, –A–B, –A+B but never +A–B. (Typological) universals All languages have vowels. If a language has VSO as its basic word order, then it has prepositions (vs. postpositions). Markedness Having duals implies having plurals Having plurals says nothing about having duals. Having duals is marked—infrequent, more complex. Having plurals is (relative to having duals) unmarked. Generally markedness is in terms of comparable dimensions, but you could also say that being VSO is marked relative to having prepositions. Markedness “Markedness” actually has been used in a couple of different ways, although they share a common core. Marked: More unlikely, in some sense. Unmarked: More likely, in some sense. You have to “mark” something marked; unmarked is what you get if you don’t say anything extra. “Unlikeliness” Typological/crosslinguistic infrequency. VOS word order is marked. More complex constructions. [ts] is more marked than [t]. The non-default setting of a parameter. Non-null subjects? Language-specific/idiosyncratic features. Vs. UG/universal features…? Berlin Kay 1969: Color terms (On the boundaries of psychophysics, linguistics, anthropology, and with issues about its interpretation, but still…) Basic color terms across languages. It turns out that languages differ in how many color terms count as basic. (blueish, salmon-colored, crimson, blond, … are not basic). Berlin Kay 1969: Color terms The segmentation of experience by speech symbols is essentially arbitrary. The different sets of words for color in various languages are perhaps the best ready evidence for such essential arbitrarine